tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10122776453224835932024-03-16T11:51:42.083-07:00dhamma musingsShravasti Dhammikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06246408068143301108noreply@blogger.comBlogger1015125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1012277645322483593.post-58516004649916085292017-01-10T17:20:00.004-08:002017-01-10T17:20:46.952-08:00Burmese Art At The Museum<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Recently I went to see the newest exhibition at the Museum
of Asian Civilizations, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">‘Cities and Kings, Ancient Treasures from
Myanmar’. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The exhibition is only a small
one, giving the visitor a rather hurried tour of Burmese art, mainly religious,
from the Bagan period to the 19<sup>th</sup> century. Nonetheless, most pieces are
exceptional and demonstrate the refinement of Burmese civilization. After
seeing the exhibition I had a look at some of the museum’s recent acquisitions,
including several pieces of Buddhist sculpture from Mathura, Gandhara and
China. The exhibition is on until the 5<sup>th</sup> of Match 2017 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<br />
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Shravasti Dhammikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06246408068143301108noreply@blogger.com102tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1012277645322483593.post-12777525101902029472016-12-29T16:30:00.004-08:002016-12-29T16:37:06.632-08:00My 2016<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">This
year had not been a particularly busy one for me. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It did however, mark two significant landmarks
in my life; I turned 65 in October and I celebrated 40 years of being a monk. I
made two overseas trips in the last twelve months. Together with a group of friends
I visited northern Queensland <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and when
they returned after a week I stayed behind for another two weeks. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I spent July/August in France visiting family.
While there my brother and I visited St. Nazaire where the famous commando raid
took place during the Second World War. Over the last decade I have become
increasingly interested in the history of WWII, perhaps an unusual interest for
a monk. Our society had several prominent visitors this year. Bhante
Dhammaswami from Oxford was holed up in Singapore with a broken leg, having
fallen down in the Botanical Gardens. Bob Isaacson from Dharma Voice for
Animals in the US paid us a visit, and Ven. Anoma stayed with us for a month. My
Dhamma work received some recognition this year with the publication of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Figures of Buddhist Modernity in Asia</i>
published by the University of Hawaii Press which includes a paper <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>about me by Meng Tat Chai. Other than this my
year has generally been quiet. Only one new book came out, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A Pilgrim’s Guide to Borobudur</i> was published in Jakarta in English
and Indonesian. I contributed an essay for the beautiful new coffee-table <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sri Lanka: The Heritage of Water</i> which
was published in Colombo just last month. I also finished <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>my new book, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A Banquet for the Buddha: Food and Drink in Early Historical India</i> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>although it will not be published until
sometime next<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>year. I decided to cut my
speaking engagements, only accepting several invitations <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to organizations that have been supportive of
our society over the years. Next year I plan to withdraw much more from public engagements
so I can focus on writing and meditation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">I
hope all my readers will have a happy, safe and fruitful New Year.</span></div>
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<br />Shravasti Dhammikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06246408068143301108noreply@blogger.com61tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1012277645322483593.post-61301795207448044632016-12-22T16:14:00.003-08:002016-12-22T16:16:12.613-08:00Encyclopaedia Of Buddhism II<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Looking at the Sri Lankan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Encyclopaedia of Buddhism</i> (SLEB) and all
the more recent ones it’s immediately clear what the problem is. They cover all
schools of Buddhism, Buddhist art, history, biographies, odd bits-and-pieces,
as well as the actual Dhamma. All religions are diverse but Buddhism particularly
so. The result is that trying to fit all this info into several volumes, let
alone in one, in encyclopaedic detail, requires that most articles have to be
kept small; in other words, they cannot be encyclopaedic. And that’s what we
see in all the recent encyclopaedias. The solution? Well, as far as the Pali
tradition goes, this is what I would like to see.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There
should be an encyclopaedia which covers the Dhamma as presented in the Pali
Tipitaka, and this would require at least three or four volumes. The
translation of all Pali terms should be standardised, and where not, the reason
for it explained. Articles on doctrine should be details, comprehensive and
cross-referenced with other articles. Only a few articles should deal with the
cultural and historical aspects of Buddhism; e.g. perhaps an article each on
the history of Buddhism in Burma,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Thailand, Sri Lanka, etc. and perhaps several brief ones on the likes of
Buddhaghosa, Dhammapala, etc. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
results of trying to fit everything in can be seen in the SLEB.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The article on ‘Love’ is just over six pages,
the article on ‘Metta’ just over four pages, while the article on Mahathupa (a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">stupa</i> in Anarudhapura, the ancient
capital of Sri Lanka) takes up 17 pages. This sort of emphasis on Sri Lankan
history to the detriment of important aspects of Dhamma was absent in the first
several volumes SLEB but is <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>painfully
obvious in the recent ones. Quite frankly, Thai amulet superstitions, Sri
Lankan healing rituals, Burmese <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nat</i>
worship, and the like, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>would be more
appropriate in a book on anthropology. Another thing that should be kept to a
minimum is what might be called scholastic equivocation. Peter Harvey’s otherwise
excellent <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">An Introduction to Buddhist
Ethics</i> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is marred by this sort of
thing. On <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>alcohol, meat-eating, violence,
homosexuality, and numerous other issues, it’s all “The Dalai Lama says this”, “The
American meditation teacher ABC says that”, “According to the Tibetan
understanding…”, “In the Tantric tradition…” and so it proceeds so in the end
we have no idea what Buddhist ethics teach. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Again we have the problem of trying to fit
everything in, and in this case, even opinions. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Dhamma as presented in the Pali Tipitaka
is pretty clear on most doctrinal and ethical issues. Where this is not the
case it is usually possible to detect historical development. For example, most
of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">suttas</i> in the Majjhima are
earlier than the Vimanavatthu and the Petavatthu and this should be
acknowledged and explained. An encyclopaedia such as this would be of enormous
help to the present and future generations of Western Buddhists trying to absorb
the essence of the Dhamma. There are now enough scholars, including several
outstanding ones in Sri Lanka, who would be capable of undertaking a project
such as this.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">A
few days ago I was <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>somewhat carried away
in a daydream (I admit to sometimes doing this). I fantasised that I had won a
lottery prize of $50 million, used the money to set up a foundation to produce
an encyclopaedia, and that the first volume had just come off the press. Then the
phone rung and I was abruptly brought back to reality. But one is allowed to
dream sometimes isn’t one?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
Shravasti Dhammikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06246408068143301108noreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1012277645322483593.post-92050476878370428982016-11-30T18:11:00.002-08:002016-12-22T16:06:22.843-08:00 Encyclopaedias of Buddhism I<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
The Jews started their <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>first one in 1900 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and this was joined by the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Encyclopaedia Talmudit</i> in 1942.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>majesterial
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>26 volume <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Encyclopaedia Judaica</i> came out in 1972. The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Catholic Encyclopaedia</i> saw the light of day in 1907. The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> was first published
in 1913 and in 2005 the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>six volume <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Encyclopaedia of the Qur’an</i> was
published. Brill’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Encyclopaedia Islamica</i>,
a translation of the magnificent <i>Dā'erat-ol-Ma'āref-e Bozorg-e Eslāmi</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">,<i> </i>is on-going and is projected to take
up 16 volumes when finished. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And of
course the recent <i>Encyclopaedia of Islamic Law</i> in <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>three volumes, and the huge <i>Encyclopaedia
of Hadith</i> must not be forgotten. There is even an<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Encyclopaedia of Hadith Forgeries</i>! The
11 volume <i>Encyclopaedia of Hinduism</i> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>has just been published. As with most things, the
Christians are ahead of the game. For reasons of space I can<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mention only a few of their<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>encyclopaedias. The <i>Encyclopaedia Biblica</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was published in 1899, although I think there
were several similar works before this. <i>The</i> <i>Encyclopaedia</i> <i>of
Bible Difficulties</i>, <i>Baker Encyclopaedia of Christian Apologetics</i>, <i>The
Encyclopaedia of Eastern Orthodox Christianity</i>, <i>A Concise Encyclopaedia
of Christianity in India</i>, <i>The World Christian Encyclopaedia</i>, <i>The
Encyclopaedia of Christian Civilization</i>, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>The <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Encyclopaedia of Christian Theology</i> (3
vols.), <i>The Oxford Encyclopaedia of the Reformation</i> (4 vols.), <i>The
Oxford Encyclopaedia of South Asian Christianity</i> (2 vols.),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>The Oxford Encyclopaedia<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of the Bible and the Arts</i>, and <i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Seventh-day Adventist Encyclopaedia </i>(12
vols.)<i>. </i>Everything you could possibly <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>want to know <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>about every aspect of the faith. Even a <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>small sect like the Mormons (4 million members?)
has <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>its<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>four volume <i>Encyclopaedia of Mormonism</i> (1992).</span>
</div>
<div class="yiv2073255338msonormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Now we turn to
Buddhism. In the early 1950s as the Buddhist world geared up for the Buddha
Jayanti the government of Ceylon undertook to publish an <i>Encyclopaedia of
Buddhism</i>, an idea that was first broached, I think, by G. P. Malalasekera.
Unusually for traditional Buddhists, a great deal of careful thought went into
the project. Specialists in Buddhism from around the world were invited to
participate and included big names such as I. B Horner, Giuseppe Tucci, B. C.
Law. P. V. Bapat, N. Dutt, Helmut von Glasenapp, and even the likes of Lama
Govinda and Christmas Humpherys. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Ceylon
government purchased at considerable expense a fine quality acid-free paper for
the volumes and made generous contributions to the project.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After careful consideration it was decided
that the whole project would need 15000 pages <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and take 10 years to complete. In 1965 the first
volume was complete and proved to be a tour de force. But a perceptive
observer<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>might have noticed a problem;
that of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the project being
over-ambitious. It covered the doctrines of all schools, history, art,
literature, indeed just about everything related to Buddhism. It was clear that
even every book in the Tibetan Tipitaka was going to have a separate entry. How
on earth was all this going to be fitted into <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>15,000 pages?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Then there was the problem of being associated <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>with the Ceylon/Sri Lankan government. Political
appointments to the editorial staff, cutback of funding, and a general slowness
started to take its toll. By volume IV (1979-1987) the project was in serious
trouble. This is reflected by the quality of the articles, although some are
still excellent, the cutback in the number of articles, the cheap paper, the
different font from the earlier volumes and the different size of each volume. Put
all the volumes on a shelf and they are all of a different size. And <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>now <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the
output has slowed to a crawl. Recently I asked a former staff member when the
final volume was expected to come out; he smiled and said: “When the next
world-system starts to re-evolve.” <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2073255338msonormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Of course with the
slow decline of the Sri Lankan <i>Encyclopaedia </i>other attempts have sprung
to life. Apart from small efforts on individual Buddhist schools (e.g. <i>An Encyclopaedia
of Korean Buddhism</i> and <i>The Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Zen Buddhism</i>)
</span><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">we have the new </span></b><i>Brill’s
Encyclopaedia of Buddhism</i> which is <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>planned
to be in seven volumes and looks promising, the<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Edward Irons <i>Encyclopaedia of
Buddhism</i>, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the Thomas Gale </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Encyclopaedia of Buddhism</i> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>edited by Robert E. Buswell and <b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Encyclopaedia
of Buddhism</span></i></b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"> edited
by Damien Keown and Charles Prebish<b> </b>(only 857 pages of entries).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b>These last <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>three efforts cover the subjects in no more
detail than does <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Princeton Dictionary
of Buddhism</i>. As if to reinforce the perception of Buddhism being disengaged
none of them have an entry on marriage or quite a few other subjects relevant
to 99% percent of Buddhists or those wanting to know more about Buddhism.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2073255338msonormalCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">I will say more in
this subject in my next post. </span></div>
<br />
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Shravasti Dhammikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06246408068143301108noreply@blogger.com12tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1012277645322483593.post-49344865735103975172016-11-22T22:39:00.000-08:002016-11-22T22:39:51.272-08:00The Buddha And Mindful Eating <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In
affluent societies, obesity has become a major health problem and the
weight-loss industry is a multi-billion dollar one. Treatments for obesity
include the administering of appetite suppressants, psychotherapy, dietary
counselling and even surgical procedures. But the most effective treatments
remain simple and inexpensive ones – exercise and modification of dietary
habits whereby caloric intake is typically reduced. Nonetheless, these are
treatments many people have difficulty applying.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 0cm 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Once King Pasenadi went to the
Buddha bloated and breathing in a laboured manner as a result of having eaten yet
another enormous meal. Seeing this, the Buddha said: ‘When a person is mindful
and thus knows moderation in eating, his ailments diminish, he ages gently and
he protects his life.’ The king got the hint and asked his nephew to repeat
these words to him whenever he was taking his meals. As a result, the king
gradually reduced his food intake, lost weight and regained his slim figure
(S.I,81-2).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 0cm 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In affluent societies, few people
eat to ease hunger as they eat so much and so often that they rarely actually
feel hungry. Food is widely and easily available so we eat on impulse, out of
boredom, in response to advertising, for fun, to experience supposedly new or
unusual flavours or just ‘to tempt the taste buds’ as some advertisements put
it. At the time the food is actually consumed, we are often distracted, eating
mechanically and hardly noticing what we are doing. As a result, many of us
worry about our weight when we are not eating while hardly noticing it when we
are actually eating. This can lead to being over-weight or obese.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 0cm 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The value of the Buddha’s advice to
King Pasenadi – to eat with mindfulness (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sati</i>)
– is only beginning to be recognised by dieticians and weight-loss experts.
Eating mindfully helps turn a habituated behaviour into a conscious one, where
the possibility of choice is increased. It allows us to pause for a moment,
think about and be aware of what we are about to do and why, and often this is
enough to bring about a change in behaviour. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 0cm 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mindfulness can also allow us to see
the urge to eat as it arises and then just watch it with detachment rather than
giving in to it. The regular practice of mindfulness of breathing will make it
more likely that we will remember to be mindful before and while eating.
Something else that can be helpful is to occasionally practise what can be
called ‘eating meditation’ – eating alone and without haste, focused fully on
what we are doing, being aware of the taste of each mouthful, chewing it fully,
swallowing it completely before taking the next mouthful, etc. When
supplemented with regular exercise and a well-balanced diet, mindful eating is
a natural, gentle and effective way to maintain a healthy body weight.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It is significant that the Buddha chose to motivate King
Pasenadi with a positive instead of a negative message. Rather than regale him
with an account of the problems caused by obesity, he listed the benefits of
losing weight – a reduction of bodily ailments (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tanu tassa bhavanti vedanā</i>), a slowing of the ageing process (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">saṇikaṁ jīrati</i>) and a general
enhancement of life (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">āyu pālayaṁ</i>) –
all benefits of a healthy weight and diet confirmed by modern medicine. The
Buddha knew positive reinforcement is often more effective in motivating people</span></div>
Shravasti Dhammikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06246408068143301108noreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1012277645322483593.post-9476445963505494382016-11-20T14:33:00.002-08:002016-11-20T14:33:16.363-08:00 Going To Borobudur?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCSi32JlsTzasgxKuYe8zDxKq2Z6RB1eP2dW0czvRHpKOn_EkNiIHMHjMCAvKnVDI8Zs8aX1ElExObKYuIiYH0di_0MLtQsX1Hzl6D1JN-O9PI0PDlGF84YrsOjon5lEY5F5xhmrUlKSI/s1600/Pilgrim%2527s+guide+borobudur.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCSi32JlsTzasgxKuYe8zDxKq2Z6RB1eP2dW0czvRHpKOn_EkNiIHMHjMCAvKnVDI8Zs8aX1ElExObKYuIiYH0di_0MLtQsX1Hzl6D1JN-O9PI0PDlGF84YrsOjon5lEY5F5xhmrUlKSI/s400/Pilgrim%2527s+guide+borobudur.jpg" width="273" /></a></div>
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Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
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<span class="js-profile-more-affiliations"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Some years ago
while on a visit to Borobudur I was looking at books about the place that were
for sale at the site itself. They ranged from large coffee-table tomes to small
booklets giving a brief overview of the temple. Most gave details about when it
was built, how many tons of stone had been used to build it, it’s alignment with
two other temples nearby, the usual speculation about what the structure of the
temple might symbolize, etc. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But strangely,
not one of them explained what each of the 120 panels depicting the life of the
Buddha mean. So I decided to write a book doing just that. As I finished <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>about<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>two years ago an Indonesian friend sent me a copy of a just released
book doing what I had done – Titus Leber’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lalitavistara:
The Life of the Buddha as Told on the Borobudur</i>. I was a bit peeved that
someone had ‘beaten me to it’ but had to admit that the book’s photos are
excellent and its production top notch. Anyway, after many delays my <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A Pilgrim’s Guide to Borobudur</i> finally
came out last month. While Leber’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lalitavistara</i>
describes each panel in only a few lines, mine does so in detail, sometime as
much as a full page. My hope is that <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the
book will help the visitor to Borobudur learn all about the life of the person
who was the inspiration behind this amazing monument, i.e. the Buddha. The book
is published by Karaniya, it’s in English and Bahasa Indonesia, and an
English-Bahasa Indonesia-Chinese edition is due out soon. If you are visiting
Borobudur you can purchase the book on site.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div>
Shravasti Dhammikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06246408068143301108noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1012277645322483593.post-5942949875105751342016-11-16T04:57:00.001-08:002016-11-16T04:57:15.995-08:00Leonard Cohen. A Monk? <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">One of the people
who I had great appreciation for when I was young was Leonard Cohen, who has
just passed away. May he have a good rebirth and continue to make music in
it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Given how his poetry and music moved
me I have read several articles and obituaries about him over the last few days.
While doing so I couldn’t help notice a particular incongruity in the language used
in a few of these. In several Cohen is said to have been ordained as “a Zen
monk.” In another his teacher Kyozan Joshu Sasaki is described as “a Japanese
monk” or “a Zen monk.” </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The word monk comes
from the Greek <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">monachus</i> meaning alone
or solitary; i.e. living in isolation from others, at least for certain periods,
and also being unmarried. In Christianity, Jainism, Buddhism and I think in
Taoism too, the word monk always implies celibacy. To the best of my knowledge
almost all Japanese Buddhist clergy have been married since the late 19<sup>th</sup>
century. I know that Cohen was in relationships with women at the time of his
ordination and afterwards as well, and my understanding is that Kyozan Joshu
Sasaki was married too. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Given this, wouldn’t
it be more correct to describe Buddhist clergy who are married as priests?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And there’s another word that’s undergoing change,
in this case gender reassignment – priest. Until recently female religieux were
nuns (Latin <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nunna</i>), now they are
“female priests” or ‘female monks’. I’m bewildered by such inivations. What’s wrong
with the universally understood, long-standing, non-derogatory, more compact,
and correct word nun? I note that the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">New
Oxford Thesaurus of English</i> does not recognize ‘female priest’, not yet
anyway. And if we are going to describe nuns as “female priests” why not go the
whole hog and call Diana a “female prince”? Or Charles a “male princess” for
that matter! We have the malapropism, the catachresis and the spoonerism for
other mangleings and misuses of the language. Seeing as we are inventing new
words and phrases, why not create one for the sort of thing ‘female monk’ would
be an example of?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Can anyone think of a
good word for it?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
Shravasti Dhammikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06246408068143301108noreply@blogger.com10tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1012277645322483593.post-75925802773667564792016-11-13T22:03:00.000-08:002016-11-13T22:04:11.059-08:00Another Forgotten Early Western Buddhist <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Now here’s a book that
somewhat curiously includes several subjects that I am quite interested in –
Buddhism, travel, horticulture or at least plants, colonial Ceylon, and
biographies. It’s about Reginald Farrer (1880-1920), still appreciated amongst
gardening enthusiasts but virtually unknown beyond. I have heard of him
because of his plant-hunting expeditions in Korea, northern Burma and the
borderlands of Tibet, but I have never read his famous and still consulted best-seller
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">My Rock Garden</i>. But I never knew that
he was also a well-informed and devote Buddhist. I have not read this, I think,
first biography of him, but I plan to get it soon. You can read more about it here.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> <a href="http://www.legendabooks.com/titles/isbn/9781909662858.html">http://www.legendabooks.com/titles/isbn/9781909662858.html</a>
</span></div>
Shravasti Dhammikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06246408068143301108noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1012277645322483593.post-77587703034641153582016-11-09T16:29:00.002-08:002016-11-09T16:29:26.289-08:00 Bringing A Death To Life <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjduE1Fx9AhF4-AoDpj1SnFMfjB12WFfpvSmxyO9EaXm1QGBlfanPtm1xI6-BDpz9Ksl6maffgkDfsUM5t__M_07s6ae0CHLUubZHoDFJzPaV17H6zjvZE9oSmHVKp6Oybe3YRTP32CEOU/s1600/jap3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="277" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjduE1Fx9AhF4-AoDpj1SnFMfjB12WFfpvSmxyO9EaXm1QGBlfanPtm1xI6-BDpz9Ksl6maffgkDfsUM5t__M_07s6ae0CHLUubZHoDFJzPaV17H6zjvZE9oSmHVKp6Oybe3YRTP32CEOU/s400/jap3.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The passing of the
Buddha as described in the Mahāparinibbāna Sutta is one of the most
interesting, not to say moving, text in the Tipitaka. Despite its composite nature
and somewhat artificial language it transmits the very real drama and pathos of
this momentous event. Not surprisingly, throughout history the ‘Great Decease’
had occupied the talents of a long line of sculptors, poets and painters. Most
of these are anonymous but one who is not is Hanabusa Itcho (1652-1724). A
versatile genius, Itcho excelled in calligraphy and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">haiku</i> but is most widely known today for his paintings.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One of my favourites is his delightful
depiction of a cat cleaning itself on the roof of a tea house. He must have had
a playful nature as is suggested by the many satiric scenes he painted, an
example being his Blind Men Examining an Elephant illustrating the Buddha’s
famous parable from the Udāna 67-9. One work in which Itcho’s restrained his
playfulness is his famous The Death of the Buddha which he painted in 1713 and which
is now in the possession of Boston’s Museum of Fine Arts. Itcho used as his
guide to the contents of his painting the Mahāyāna Parinirvāna S</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ū</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tra, a text with a complex history. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Like many Mahāyāna <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">s</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ū</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tras</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> it was added to over the centuries as new ideas evolved and
needed to be given a seal of authenticity by being put into the mouth of the
Buddha. In its present form the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">s</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ū</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tra</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> was probably composed in southern India some
time around 100-200 CE and is an elaboration of an earlier work, which in turn
was based on the Pā</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ḷ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">i
Mahāparinibbāna Sutta. One of the most striking parts of the Mahāyāna Parinirvāna
S</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ū</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tra is that which
describes all the animals coming to pay their last respects to the Buddha.
Itcho took full advantage of this incident to demonstrate his skill at realism and
observation, depicting elephants and peacocks, domestic chickens and beetles,
dragon flies and tortoises all mourning for the Buddha.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Death of the Buddha became famous even during
Itcho’s own lifetime and records show that pilgrims <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>flocked to the temple where it was displayed
annually for 150 years to see it. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Right now the Museum
of Fine Arts and the Freer Gallary of Art have joined forces to repair and
conserve and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Death of the Buddha</i>,
which they call “the most important Buddhist painting of its time.” You can see
the ongoing conservation<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>here </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pHfv1Jz0OXc"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pHfv1Jz0OXc</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="color: black;"></span></span></div>
<br />
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Shravasti Dhammikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06246408068143301108noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1012277645322483593.post-16767919599495676752016-11-03T15:59:00.002-07:002016-11-13T21:15:15.884-08:00Religion And The US Elections<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Studies
have shown that some 40% of Americans attend church regularly although another
study conducted from the 1980s <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to the
present has shown that it might be only half that. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nonetheless, even 20% is high when compared to
other developed countries. And in survey after survey Americans assert that
they have a deep commitment to religion, even when they do not go to church regularly.
Some denominations are more pious than others. Amongst Mormons 67% say they
attend church once a week or more, and 89% say they pray daily.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Controversies over issues that overlap on
religion are<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>regular occurrences in America
and you haven’t a chance of winning an election, local or national, in the country
unless you <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>claim to be “a person of
faith”. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">I
bring this up because of the US presidential election which is to take place in
a few days. Even a casual observer like myself cannot but be dismayed <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>by how much rancour, bitterness, calumny and
mutual recrimination<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>have marked this
election. Mr. Trump, who says the Bible is his favourite book, seems to be the
worst offender, Mrs. Clinton much less so. But the supporters of each have
pulled out all stops in their efforts to bad-mouth their candidate’s opponent.
The book many of them claim to read and guide their lives buy is pretty clear,
“Thou shalt not avenge, nor bear any grudge against the children of thy people,
but thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself” (Leviticus 19:18) but not much
notice seems to be taken of this or other biblical teachings. The advocacy
group Grass Roots North Carolina, operating in the so-called Bible Belt, is
holding a competition to raise funds for Mr. Trump; first prize being a AR15
rifle, a thousand rounds of ammunition and a target with Mrs. Clinton on it.
Mr. Trump has been married three times, his many adulterous affairs are common
knowledge and yet this <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and recent
revelations about his sexual advances towards woman have caused only a slight
drop in support for him by evangelicals who always say how concerned they <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"></span>are about
“family values”. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">I
have long <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>given thought to what
statements such as “I’m very religious”, “I believe in (fill in the gap)”,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“I’m a man of faith”, actually mean or what
they might tell us about the persons making them, whatever their religion. Generally I have come to the
conclusion that they don’t mean very much and they tell you almost nothing
about how those persons might behave in the ordinary process of living. It
seems to me that considerable numbers of people who think of themselves as
religious take their belief mainly as a sort of totem, a peg to hang <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"></span>their
identity on, as notions that give them comfort or a feeling of belonging, as
something to cling to, rather than as instructions about how to behave,
particularly towards their fellow human beings.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">As
far as I can see, when a religion, <u>any</u> religion, is thought of as a social
necessity the way <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>Christianity is in the
US or Buddhism is in Sri Lanka, etc;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>or when
it is made compulsory as it is in parts of the Middle East, it does not make
people pious, it just makes them<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hypocrites.
And when religion <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>gets <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>involved <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in politics <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the religion concerned and the individuals who
do it are usually both discredited.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I
think<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>genuine religiosity flourishes
best when it<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>remains a matter between
the individual and his or her conscience. And people who spend more <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>effort removing the beam from their own eye
rather than trying to push their faith in the public domain are likely to be
the least hypocritical. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span>Shravasti Dhammikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06246408068143301108noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1012277645322483593.post-5694189994587978712016-11-01T17:40:00.005-07:002016-11-01T17:40:56.959-07:00Buddhism, Water And Sri Lanka<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt68onk8XCXb5ykWNYLdFcd_kRsx_t0eGpMFauuQOP21Dz-ugU1otKUEAWj51OnVaXQepjtCtRos4RL7BrwdqeG02jns3g07BPBHxX1deX5MP2KmkzfdBVeGu_Yj7m7BThXmh1CIflMdI/s1600/water2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt68onk8XCXb5ykWNYLdFcd_kRsx_t0eGpMFauuQOP21Dz-ugU1otKUEAWj51OnVaXQepjtCtRos4RL7BrwdqeG02jns3g07BPBHxX1deX5MP2KmkzfdBVeGu_Yj7m7BThXmh1CIflMdI/s400/water2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In
my spare time I write books and articles on topics that interest me or that I feel
need to be given more attention. Six months back I was asked to contribute an
essay for a book to be called <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sri Lanka,
A Heritage of Water</i>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The editor,
Sarala Fernando, felt that there should be at least one chapter on the role of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>water in the religions of the country, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>she asked me <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>if I’d write something on the subject, I gave
the idea some thought and decided to decline the offer. My thinking was that
water has no significance in Buddhism and I am not really qualified to say anything
on the subject as it might pertain to the other religions; Islam, Hinduism and
Christianity. But Sarala can be very persuasive. She asked me to reconsider, I did,
and <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>thinking about it a bit deeper
realized that water actually does have some part to play in the life of the
Buddha, in his Dhamma and certainly in Sri Lankan Buddhist culture and history.
And of course it has even more <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>significance
in Sri Lanka’s other religions, e.g. baptism, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">wadu</i>,
etc. To cut a <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>short <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>story shorter, I wrote the article and the
book is due to be released soon. Apart from my essay there are others on the
ancient irrigations works in Sri Lanka, on the various aquatic ecosystems in
the country, on water conservation, aquatic wildlife, etc. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For anyone who loves Sri Lanka or just nature,
the highlight of this publication is its stunningly beautiful photos by Luxshmanan
Nadaraja, the country’s finest wildlife photographer. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Sri Lanka, A Heritage of Water</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">
can be ordered by e-mail from <a href="mailto:wildlight@sltnet.lk%20com">wildlight@sltnet.lk</a>
or by calling<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>011-2861738. Price
Rs.6,800. A special pre-publication price of Rs.4,900 will be given for all
orders taken before November 30<sup>th</sup> 2016. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<br />Shravasti Dhammikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06246408068143301108noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1012277645322483593.post-85902156441226955722016-10-25T02:06:00.001-07:002016-10-25T02:07:07.265-07:00An Australian Buddhist Pioneer <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3hgrTlaC__7qkEl46Jp4LJg_rv3l-bFdrHrehad3F2cfQmgGjAcEAjBwb4aWQXI0dxTyrdTm30ke4JuIXn6c19ouOkHY8VfouV83Imt9A25ek9R88ieWi_pn6zzPlnNpUwXIj7ccVH_0/s1600/mb1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3hgrTlaC__7qkEl46Jp4LJg_rv3l-bFdrHrehad3F2cfQmgGjAcEAjBwb4aWQXI0dxTyrdTm30ke4JuIXn6c19ouOkHY8VfouV83Imt9A25ek9R88ieWi_pn6zzPlnNpUwXIj7ccVH_0/s400/mb1.jpg" width="300" /></a></div>
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</xml><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">A
book has recently been published about an almost forgotten pioneer of Buddhism
in Australia, Marie Beuzeville Byles (1900-1979). Little-known until this first
biography of her, I learned <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a lot about
her way back. My early mentor of Buddhism, Natasha Jackson, knew Marie Byles well
in the late 1940s and early 50s and used to tell me about her. She used to
attend the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>meditation group Byles ran in
the 1950s. Most western Buddhists at that time were either “the Lobsang Rampa
crowd” (as Jackson used to call them), <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>forerunners
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of today’s New Agers, or <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>staunch <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>rationalists, Kalama Sutta types. Byles and
Jackson definitely fitted into this second category. Both were strong, rather blunt
and opinionated women, probably the reason why they did not get on well with
each other. Byles was also a dedicated feminist. </span>
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<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">She was the first woman
allowed to practise law in New South Wales. As legal advisor to various women’s
organisations in the 1930s she helped change legislation that discriminated
against women’s rights in marriage and divorce. Instead of the fame and fortune
she could have earned through law Byles devoted herself to the nature conservation.
An early member of the elite Sydney Bush Walkers club, she and her friends
spent their weekends exploring unmapped terrain in the bush within reach of
Sydney. As they grew to know and respect the landscape, these bushwalkers
developed a commitment to protect the most beautiful and ecologically sensitive
areas and became leaders of the conservation movement. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But it<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was
mountains vastness that held the greatest fascination for<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Byles. After reaching the summit of Mt. Cook
in 1928, she twice returned to New Zealand’s South Island to climb virgin peaks
and map unexplored areas, and in 1938 she led an international mountain
climbing expedition to Yunnan in south China. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Reading
Carl Jung psychology gave <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Byles a taste
of eastern thought and this eventually led her to Buddhism, which had no <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>groups or<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>societies in Australia at the time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">She brought her own rationalist and
feminist perspective to this ancient tradition. For her, the Buddha<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was not a man to be worshipped, but a person
whose teachings were reasonable, practical and humane. In the 1950s <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>she made several trips to Burma where she
studies with Mohnyin Sayadaw, </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">the
greatest disciple of Ledi Sayadaw, and spent extended periods in <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>meditation retreats. Her meditation practice
and study of the Dhamma resulted in several books; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Footsteps of Gotama the Buddha</i> (1957), </span><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Journey into Burmese Silence</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> (1962) and <i>Paths to Inner</i>
Calm (1965). The first two of these books are <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>still well worth reading. She also wrote
several travel books and one on<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gandhi
and spirituality, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lotus and the Spinning Wheel</i> (1963). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The new biography of Byles is
called<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Summit of Her Ambitions: The Spirited Life of Marie Byles</i> by
Anna McLeod.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Purchasing details are available
here </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="http://www.annemcleod.com.au/"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://www.annemcleod.com.au/</span></a></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></span></div>
<br />
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Shravasti Dhammikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06246408068143301108noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1012277645322483593.post-42631821346130010482016-10-20T17:18:00.002-07:002016-10-23T15:08:15.969-07:00Modern Or Moribund? <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Buddhism throughout its traditional homelands
is not <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">in</span> a healthy state. A complacent and conservative Sangha has been slow
or even reluctant to adjust to the modern world. The approach seems to be just
to keep repeating what has been done for centuries. In particular, Buddhism in
Japan <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">is</span> pretty much <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terminal and like
Christianity in some western countries, seems irrelevant to most people, especially
the young. News from Japan tells of a few monks (perhaps ‘priest’ would be more
accurate; nearly<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>all Japanese Buddhist
clergy <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>are married) who are trying to
attract the young by presenting Buddhism in <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ways that resonate <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>with them. Apparently one <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>priest <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>runs
a bar, chats with customers and chants suttas as he pours their drinks. Another
priest is attempting to attract the young by transmitting the Dhamma
through rap and hip-hop music. I am reminded of Gomo Tulku, the so-called Rapping Rimpoche -
fancy coiffure, dark sun glasses, leather jacket, torn jeans, the whole works. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Surely there is enough in the Dhamma that,
presented in modern language and <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>through
modern media can be meaningful and attractive! And of course, awareness of
problems and doing something about them NOW, might <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mean that radical compromises do not have to
be resorted to. It seems to me that when a religion has <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"></span>sunk so low that you
have to <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jettison <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>some of its basic doctrines or characteristic
features in a desperate effort to attract people, then it’s time to throw in <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the towel. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">On the ‘innovative’ Japanese pre priests
mentioned above see - <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/01/21/japan.hip.monks.buddhism/">http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/01/21/japan.hip.monks.buddhism/</a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></span></div>
Shravasti Dhammikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06246408068143301108noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1012277645322483593.post-47004275156623899632016-10-13T16:02:00.001-07:002016-10-13T16:02:53.676-07:00A King Passes<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhfcvvqfwQE-FD0dT4BXrFFT-TRP2HpgSjWC5HARJNB5k9bgQkIxML5bEguCRhJJLydCPdWQ2emCqdAv_EhOjoIoeYRyPR0YF47BWTj-KeebO1kAFlWNefTvWb89kQPaQ-IiH96KR2Nio/s1600/thai1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="331" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhfcvvqfwQE-FD0dT4BXrFFT-TRP2HpgSjWC5HARJNB5k9bgQkIxML5bEguCRhJJLydCPdWQ2emCqdAv_EhOjoIoeYRyPR0YF47BWTj-KeebO1kAFlWNefTvWb89kQPaQ-IiH96KR2Nio/s400/thai1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Thailand’s King Bhumipol
Adulyadej has died after a reign of 70 years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He ascended the throne at a time when most nations were divesting
themselves of kings and the Thai monarchy has little influence or relevance.
Gradually, through the force of his upright character, his personal piety and
his high-profile development projects he elevated himself and the monarchy to a
position of regard and reverence almost unequalled anywhere in the world. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As head of state, he had to
preside over various religious ceremonies and present the required honors and
titles to the country’s often lacklustre monks, the Sangha being little more
than a department of the government. However, he was genuinely pious and
exceptionally well-informed about the true state of the Sangha, and when he
came to know of really worthy monks he would arrange to visit them during his
tours of the country. Simply by doing this the public’s attention would be
directed towards often previously little-known monks, raising their status, and
that of the Sangha’s at the same time. Bhumipol (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bh</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">ū</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">i</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> = Earth, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">p</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ā</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">la</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> = protector) was not just the protector of the nation but
also protector and promoter of the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dhamma. With his passing Thailand loses a
great leader and enters a period of uncertinaty.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
Shravasti Dhammikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06246408068143301108noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1012277645322483593.post-6378861769312136062016-10-05T01:30:00.003-07:002016-10-05T01:33:51.645-07:00Food And Its Dangers<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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As Buddhism
gained first acceptance and then popularity, it became a challenge for monks
and nuns to maintain a lifestyle of simplicity and moderation, particularly when
it came to food. People were only too happy to provide monks, not just with
adequate sustenance, but with the best they could afford, and in generous
amounts. “They chose not to take soft or hard food or drinks themselves, they
did not give it to their parents, spouse or children, not to their slaves,
servants or friends, and not to their colleagues or relatives, but they did give
it to the monks who as a result were handsome, plump, and with radiant
complexions and clear skin”(Vin.III,88). The Buddha became acutely aware that even
diligent monks could easily become preoccupied with food and even slip into
gluttony. His discourses are peppered with warnings against preoccupations with
food. Maintain “a sensible attitude towards food” he counselled, “have an empty
stomach, be moderate in food and with little desire” (e.g. Dhp.92; Sn.707). The
plump and content monk, the Friar Tuck type, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>never became a stereotype in Buddhist lands as
it did (and remains) in the Western <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>imagination. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
To head off the threat of
gluttony and illustrate the attitude to food he expected from his monks and
nuns Buddha gave this rather startling example. “Imagine two parents, a husband
and wife, and their only son who they love dearly, were travelling through the
wilderness with insufficient provisions. In the middle of the wilderness with
still a long way to go they use up all their provisions. So thinking ‘All our
provisions are exhausted. Let us kill and eat our son though we love him
dearly, and prepare dried and spiced meat. Let not all three of us perish.’
Having done this they emerged from the wilderness. But while eating their sons
flesh they would beat their breasts and cry ‘Where are you our son? Where are
you?’<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What do you think monks? Would
those parents eat that food for amusement, for enjoyment or to enhance physical
beauty and attractiveness?” No Lord.” “Would they not eat that food only for
the purpose of crossing the wilderness?” “Yes Lord” (S.II,98-9). He then
proceeded to asked them to eat only what was needed to maintain the body.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
The prospect of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>regular meals and sometimes even <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sumptuous ones,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>created another less expected problem for the
Buddhist Sangha. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some people came to see <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the Sangha as an attractive option to the
struggles and drudgery of ordinary life. The monastic regulations contains more
than a few stories of men ordaining for reasons entirely unrelated to the Sangha’s
true purpose, including to get free meals. One of these accounts tells of the
son of a noble family now fallen on hard times noticing that monks “having
eaten good meals, lie down to sleep on beds sheltered from the wind” and then
deciding that he wanted to join the Sangha so as to enjoy such benefits <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>(Vin.I,86).
On another occasion a man stopped off at the local monastery on the way home
after a hard morning’s toil in the fields. One of the monks gave him “a helping
of juicy, delicious fare” from his own bowl. Never having eaten so well before
the man decided that the monk’s life had advantages that the farmer’s life do
did not and he joined the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sangha.
(Ja.I,311) The Buddha berated such opportunists as having entered the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>monkhood “for the sake of your belly” (Vin.I,58).
</div>
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Being
entirely dependent of others for their sustenance freed monks and nuns from the
need to work and the complications of acquiring and preparing meals, but it
also made them vulnerable in some ways. Food shortages and famines were a
recurrent reality in India well into the 20<sup>th</sup> century. If the
monsoon failed one year the result would be serious food shortages the next
year. If it failed two years in a row there would be famine. Naturally, people
would not feed monks when they had insufficient for themselves and thus
Buddhist monks and other mendicants would become early victims of famines.
There are several references to famines in the Tipi<span style="color: black;">ṭ</span>aka.
One of these mentions food tickets being issued, although exactly what this
means is uncertain. Perhaps the authorities, guilds or others with access to
resources were issuing tickets to the hungry entitling them to a dole (S.IV,323).
During another famine monks were given grain usually fed to horses. Although
this grain had been steamed it still had to be mashed in a mortar before it
could be eaten (Vin.III,7). </div>
Shravasti Dhammikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06246408068143301108noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1012277645322483593.post-43063384575624117852016-09-26T16:12:00.002-07:002016-09-26T16:12:54.369-07:00The Buddha And The Phallus <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-SG; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: EN-SG;">Syncretism is the adoption of elements of one religion
into another. All religions are syncretic to some degree. Despite the
widespread assumption to the contrary, the Buddha adopted very little from the
religions or the folk beliefs of his time and included nothing at all from them
into his essential teachings. Buddhism as it has evolved in its traditional homeland
is another matter. There, Buddhism has been far too casual (tolerant?) about
accepting all sorts of superstitious beliefs and practices. To my mind, the
most primitive of these is phallicism <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-SG; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: EN-SG;">There are several Buddhist temples in Japan associated
with phallic worship. The most famous of these is Mara Kannon in Tawarayama, Yamaguchi
Prefecture, supposedly dedicated to Avalokitsvara, the Bodhisattva of
Compassion - Kuan Yin in Chinese, Kannon in</span> <span lang="EN-US">Japanese.
For reasons that I have been unable to discover (other than that proclivity to
corruption so common in Buddhism) the statue in this shrine has become
associated with fertility which in turn has led to an unabashed phallicism.
People who have problems associated with the penis – erectile problems, ‘size
issues’, bed wetting, infertility, low sperm count, venereal diseases, etc. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>go there and offer small phalluses (bring your
own or purchase one at the temple’s gift shop) in the hope of getting help (1<sup>st</sup>
picture). The Mara Kannon Matsuri Festival held on the 1<sup>st</sup> of May
every year and during which huge phalluses are carried through the streets,
attracts thousands. I have never seen it but I am told that of prostitutes,
cross-dressers and bawds from all over Japan come and there is much
bacchanalian revelry. Very Buddhist indeed! </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Wat Po is one of
the largest monasteries in Bangkok. Go to the main shrine, pay your respects to
the large and graceful Buddha statue there, then stand to one side, look up at
the statues serene half-closed eyes and follow its gaze. You will see that it
looks out the main door of the shrine straight to a large stone phallus,
usually with pink or yellow ribbons tied around it and garlands draped over it
(2<sup>nd</sup> picture). There are several phallic shrines </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-SG; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: EN-SG;">in Bangkok but this is the
only one I know that is actually in a Buddhist monastery. I have been told
there are others. If you want your own phallus – you know, to hang around your
neck or worship in the comfort of your own home – the place to go is to the
amulet market held every Sunday at Wat Mahathat, Thailand’s premier Buddhist
university. They have all kinds there; small, big, very big, enormous, being
hugged by little figures, with faces or legs on them, inscribed with <i>mantras</i>,
blessed by famous monks, made of wood, bone, plastic or metal. I went to this
market once and couldn’t help noticing how many monks there were (mainly old
ones) inspecting the wares. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-SG; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: EN-SG;">Drukpa Kunkey is a semi-mythological character in
popular Buddhism in Bhutan and southern Tibet. The various legends about him
are not only funny but are meant to be a healthy poke at monastic formalism,
ostentatious piety, sanctimoniousness and spiritual pride. Having evolv</span><span lang="EN-US">ed amongst peasants, many of these stories also contain a good deal
of bawdy humor and imagery, particularly related to Drukpa Kunley’s apparently
enormous member. I do not know that his phallus is actually worshiped, but
paintings of it appear on many houses in Bhutan while wooden versions of it
hang from the corners of the roofs of others 3<sup>rd</sup> picture). On the
main shrine at Chimi Lhakhang, the temple dedicated to Drukpa Kunley, there is
a large red-painted wooden phallus with a tassel on its end. When women wanting
children come to this temple, the presiding monk touches them on the head with
this phallus. Incidentally, the paintings in this temple, depicting the life of
Drukpa Kunley are the finest I saw in all Bhutan. If you ever go there take
Keith Dowman’s <i>The Divine Madman</i> with you. It will help you understand
the paintings.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">When I visited
the famous Kaniska Gompa in Zanshar I noticed a large wooden phallus sticking
out of the wall at the entrance to the temple. I asked the lama with me what it
was for and he told me it was to frighten evil spirits so that they wouldn’t go
in the temple. I didn’t ask why such spirits should be frightened by a phallus.
If they are male I would expect them to admire it rather than be frightened of
it.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">From one point
of view worshiping a sexual organ is no better or worse that worshiping any
other form of the human body (precious blood, guruji’s lotus-like feet, bodily
relics, etc) . On the other hand, the genetails are the physical manifestation
of sexual desire and pleasure, something the Dhamma teaches us to deemphasize
and eventually try to transcend. I know of nothing in either Pali or Mahayana
literature attributed to the Buddha that could be described even with the
broadest interpretation as ‘a celebration of sexuality’. The only thing I could
imagine further from the Dhamma than phallic worship would be killing and
perhaps hatred.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Apparently many
Westerners attend the Mara Kannon Matsuri Festival, as they go to Khajuraho, to
gawk in wonder at the supposed lack of prudery and ‘healthy attitude towards
sex’ of Asians. This is of course nonsense on stilts. What could be more
twisted than the Japanese attitude to sex! Who could be more sexually repressed
than the Indians! And anyway, these and several other examples of phallicism in
Buddhism have nothing to do with openness or healthy attitudes. They are examples
of where the guardians of the Dhamma have either acquiesced to popular desires
and needs or where, out of lack of commitment to the Dhamma, they have allowed
superstitions to creep into it. Sociologically and psychologically phallic
worship is very interesting. Spiritually it offers nothing of any value.</span></div>
Shravasti Dhammikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06246408068143301108noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1012277645322483593.post-55140091628459365442016-09-20T16:46:00.001-07:002016-09-20T17:52:01.422-07:00A Little-known Buddhist Physician <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhB75J5OB80APJtPRDKWXL_ZeOiLqF3s1Zwt-7rzKLjZjSrqHwTRmmW0FwA8rJSYX19qTNuLeNHRzJ0mGDRLt0cj8m4OrK5saOQPEM2MgreDIzysgM1JZkF1ggUF0nCMHNT7dosHK5np6Y/s1600/vitbhaga.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="185" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhB75J5OB80APJtPRDKWXL_ZeOiLqF3s1Zwt-7rzKLjZjSrqHwTRmmW0FwA8rJSYX19qTNuLeNHRzJ0mGDRLt0cj8m4OrK5saOQPEM2MgreDIzysgM1JZkF1ggUF0nCMHNT7dosHK5np6Y/s400/vitbhaga.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 0cm 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">V</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ā</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">gbha</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ṭ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a was a </span><span lang="EN-US">Ā</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">yurvedic
physician who flourished during the 6<sup>th</sup> century, probably in Sindh
in western India. His teacher was Avlokita, another notable Buddhist physician
of whom unfortunately all information has been lost. Since ancient times V</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ā</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">gbha</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ṭ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a major work, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">As</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ṭ</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ṅ</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">gah</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ṛ<span style="color: #0d0d0d;">daya</span></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, has
been considered the epitome of all medical treaties that preceded it. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He starts his treatise by praising the Great
Physician, i.e. the Buddha, ‘who destroys diseases the foremost being lust,
which always clings and creeps over the whole being giving rise to craving,
delusion and discontent’. Being based on a faulty understanding of human
anatomy (the veins carry wind and converge <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>on the navel, etc.) many of V</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ā</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">gbha</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ṭ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a cures are not <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>relevant today, but other things he
wrote<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>certainly would be. Although
primarily concerned with medicine and sickness and health V</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ā</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">gbha</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ṭ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a includes advice on ethical living believing
that the two are related. ‘All beings believe that everything they do is done
because it will make them happy. But there is no true happiness without virtue.
So one should put virtue first.’<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 0cm 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
ethical values he recommended are imbued with distinct Buddhist principles.
Examples of this are included in the first chapter of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">As</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ṭ</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ṅ</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">gah</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ṛ<span style="color: #0d0d0d;">daya</span></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>‘One should strive to look after those
who suffer because they have no livelihood, or because they are sick or
distressed. One should even try to see small creatures like one’s own self…One
should aim to be helpful even to enemies who wish one ill. One should maintain
equanimity through good times and bad. Do not crave for success but rather give
heed to those things <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>which nourish
success. Speak at the right time, be kind, moderate and graceful. One should
never break one’s word… Keep to the Middle Way in all things… A good person
fulfills these qualities; gentleness towards family, generosity to others,
restraint of body, speech and mind, and treating the cares of others as if they
were one’s own.’<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">V</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ā</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">gbha</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ṭ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a did not neglect advice on etiquette and
common-sense precautions so to avoid sickness or accidents that would require consulting
a physician. ‘One should keep one’s body hair, finger nails and beard short,
and one’s feet and bodily orifices clean. Bathe regular, be nicely perfumed,
well-dressed, and acceptably but not ostentatious… Travel with an umbrella and
sandals and keep one’s gaze straight ahead. When it is necessary to go out at
night take a staff, ware something on the head and get a friend to accompany
you…One should not sneeze, laugh, or yawn without covering the mouth. One
should not pick one’s noise or aimlessly scratch the ground with one’s foot.’</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 0cm 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">You can read more
about <span style="color: #0d0d0d;">V</span><span style="color: black;">ā</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d;">gbha</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ṭ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> in K.R Srikantha’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d;">V</span><span style="color: black;">ā</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d;">gbha</span></i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ṭ</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a’s As</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ṭ</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ṅ</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ga H</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ṛ<span style="color: #0d0d0d;">daya: Text, English
translation, notes, appendix, and indices</span></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>1991-5 or perhaps better in Dominik
Wujastyk’s more easily available <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Roots of Ayruveda</i>, Penguin Books, 2003. </span></div>
Shravasti Dhammikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06246408068143301108noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1012277645322483593.post-68532511652424467672016-09-15T04:30:00.000-07:002016-09-15T04:30:04.968-07:00A Vision Of India<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="description" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">William Gedney was an American photographer who
died in <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>relative<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>obscurity in 1989 and whose work has only attracted
some critical attention in the last few years. He’s known <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mainly for his photos of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>rural Kentucky but he travelled through India
in the early 1970s and took many photos there. Here a few that remind me of
what <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>India<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was like when I was there around the same
time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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Shravasti Dhammikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06246408068143301108noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1012277645322483593.post-37120434624504445772016-09-12T04:20:00.002-07:002016-09-12T04:20:42.690-07:00Spirit Possessions<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<span lang="EN-US">Spirit or
demonic possession, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black;">ā</span>visati </i>or<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">
gahita</i> in P<span style="color: black;">ā</span>li, is a situation where one
or more malevolent supernatural beings are believed to forcibly inhabit and
control a person. Possession and exorcism, the countering of such supernatural
forces, is reported from most religions and not just primitive ones either.
Exorcism was a major part of Jesus’ mission and according to the Bible he
exorcised nearly 30 people and gave his disciples the permission and the power
to do the same. Being able to ‘cast out demons’ was asserted to be proof of the
Gospel by the early Christians and even by some Christian sects today.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">The reality
of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>possession was taken for granted during
the Buddha’s time and the non-human being (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black;">ā</span>manussa</i>) that did it were regarded as ‘fierce,
terrible and horrifying’ (D.III,203). Someone possessed would cry out in alarm:
‘This spirit has seized me, possessed me, harmed and hurt me, and will not let
me go!’ (D.III,204). One of the very few examples in the Tipiṭaka of someone
being possessed concerns a man named S<span style="color: black;">ā</span>nu
(S.I,208 ff). And I can find no example of the Buddha or any of his monks
preforming an exorcism. However, the Tipiṭaka does include quite a few incidents
where M<span style="color: black;">ā</span>ra or various <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">yakkha</i>s (see picture above) tried to terrify, tempt, threaten or
harm the Buddha or some of his disciples (e.g. S.I,207). In all such cases the
attempts failed as soon as the intended victim recognized who or what was
behind the attack. When the Buddha was attacked as soon as he recognized who
was responsible for it, M<span style="color: black;">ā</span>ra would ‘disappear
then and there, sad and disappointed’ (e.g. S.I,104). Perhaps this could be
interpreted to mean that as soon as the real cause of a supposed possession is
recognized (i.e. hysteria, psychosis, schizophrenia or sometimes even epilepsy)
it can be cured, or at least there is a possibility of a cure. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
Shravasti Dhammikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06246408068143301108noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1012277645322483593.post-49660377954549293732016-06-14T19:30:00.000-07:002016-12-13T22:09:00.899-08:00Buddhism, Weddings And Marriage <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Recently I looked up Wikipedia
to see what it says about marriage. What I found saddened although hardly surprise
me. Eleven paragraphs on Christianity, five on Islam, three lines on Buddhism. The
article ‘Buddhist View of Marriage’ is little better. The article ‘Weddings’
has exactly one sentence on Buddhism. Many Wikipedia articles are excellent,
but much of what <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">it </span>presents about Buddhism
is amateurish, superficial and sometimes <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>wrong. Some subjects that Buddhism could have
something relevant to say ignore it completely. As millions of people now rely
on Wikipedia for the information they need, this problem can only reinforce the
perception of Buddhism as irrelevant and disengaged. This being so I am writing
something about Buddhism weddings and marriage. Wikipedia Buddhism editors
please take note pitijoy@yahoo.com </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>BUDDHISM, WEDDINGS AND MARRIAGE </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As understood in most cultures,
marriage is the union of two persons which is recognized by some authority be
it religious, legal or social. There are and always have been many types of
marriage – polygamous and polyandrous, there are cousin marriages, forced
marriages, and in parts of the Islamic world temporary marriages. In some parts
of the Western world same-sex marriage has gained legal and social
acceptance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pre-Buddhist
India</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The various law books of
Brahmanism, the main formal religion of the Buddha’s time, tell us much about
marriage customs and weddings ceremonies in India before the turn of the first
millennium. A girl had to be married off within a few months after her first
menstruation and a father who failed to do so incurred more blame as time
passed. There was a marriage season and the actual day and time of the wedding
was usually determined by astrology. The caste of the two families was a
crucial consideration. The two highest castes, Brahmans and the warrior caste
sometimes intermarried, but only rarely did either marry below this, and to
marry a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sudra</i> or an outcaste was
inconceivable. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Brahmanism recognized eight
forms of marriage, the most common being those arranged by the parents or
guardians and which usually included a payment. Less common but still
recognized were where the couple chose each other with the parents approval (</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Ā</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sura</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">), or where the couple married without their parent’s permission
(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">G<span style="color: black;">ā</span>ndharvah</i>).
This last type usually involved elopement. Abduction (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R<span style="color: black;">ā</span>ksasa</i>) was allowed for the
warrior caste and sometimes resulted in violence. The Vajjians used to “abduct
others’ wives and daughters and compel them to live with them”, a custom the
Buddha considered socially harmful (D.II,74). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Svaya</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ṃ</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ara</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> was a form of
marriage wherein usually a girl but sometimes a boy chose a partner from a
number of suitors. Such ceremonies would usually take place at a public
gathering. The last and lowest type, although still legal, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Paiś<span style="color: black;">ā</span>ca </i>marriage,
involved<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>marrying<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the girl after having raped her while she was
asleep, drunk or otherwise unaware of what was happening. Apart from these
eight recognized marriages there were in fact several other forms of conjugal
arrangements. A slave or servant could gradually come to be treated as a wife,
a woman could consent to live with a man because he paid her to do so, and a
woman taken in war could become a wife.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>There was also what was known as a temporary wife (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">muhuttika</i>, or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ta</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ṃ</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kha</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ṇ</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ika</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>Vin.III,139)
when a man and woman came together out of convenience <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and parted when either one of them wanted to
do so. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Brahmanical wedding was
usually preceded by checking the genealogies of the two families and was always
conducted by a Brahman priest. While the wedding ceremony might differ slightly
in different regions they all shared two other common features. These were the
father of the girl joining the couple’s hands and the couple then taking seven
steps around the sacred fire. According to some law books the newlyweds were to
abstain from sex for at least three days after their marriage. As most couples
usually did not even see their future spouse until the wedding ceremony, this
would have given them at least some opportunity to get to know each other
before physical intimacy began.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There does not seem to have been
formal divorce in ancient India, at least during the Buddha’s time. If a man
was dissatisfied with his wife he simply took another one, sometimes keeping
his first wife or perhaps casting her out. The law books say a husband could
expel his wife if she was barren, unfaithful, cantankerous, chronically ill or
because had not produced a son within a certain number of years. In later centuries
the permission of some authority - a guild, the heads of the clan or the king,
was needed to divorce a wife. The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Arthaś<span style="color: black;">ā</span>stra </i>advices
the king to grant divorces if both parties are unhappy with their
marriage.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It is worth pointing out that
the area of northern India where the Buddha lived, the Middle<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Land, was by no means completely Brahmanized
during his time and would not become so for at least another few centuries.
Brahmanical and Hindu law books such as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Manu
Smṛti</i>,<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Y<span style="color: black;">āj</span>ñavalkya
Smṛti </i>and the various<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Dharmasū<span style="color: black;">tras</span></i>, present the ideal, not necessarily the
actual situation, and their rules were not always enforced by state power.
Further, many communities and regions undoubtedly had their own wedding and
marriage traditions and took no notice of or sometimes opposed Brahmanism
teachings on marriage, weddings and other matters.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Buddhist
Weddings and Marriage </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The P<span style="color: black;">āḷ</span>i
Tipiṭaka, the oldest record of the Buddha’s life and teachings, tell us
something about what the Buddha and the early Buddhists thought about weddings
and marriage and how they conducted them. The usual words for a wedding were <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ma</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ṅ</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">galakiriy<span style="color: black;">ā</span> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">or <i>avahama</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ṅ</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">gala</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">.</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Viv<span style="color: black;">ā</span>ha</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> referred to the
arrangement where the girl was brought to the boy’s home and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">viv<span style="color: black;">ā</span>hana</i>
was when the boy went to the girl’s (D.I,99; I,11). In both cases this was done
to the accompaniment of music and dancing. Although the big day was probably
selected astrologically the Nakkhata J<span style="color: black;">ā</span>taka
mocks this practice as foolish (Ja.I257-8).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Tipiṭaka says little about Prince
Siddhattha’s life before he became a wandering monk and nothing about his
marriage. We know that he was married because it mentions his wife, although
never names her, and make reference to his son R<span style="color: black;">ā</span>hula.
The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lalitavistata </i>(1<sup>st</sup>
cent. BCE/2<sup>nd</sup> cent. CE), a literary account of the Buddha’s life,
describes him selecting his bride and marking his choice by giving the girl his
ring (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">a</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ṅ</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">guleyyaka</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">). Apparently the
giving of engagement rings had become a custom by that time although this
custom is not mentioned anywhere in the Tipiṭaka.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Influenced by the prevailing
social norms the first Buddhists probably married within their own caste. But
as the Buddha’s teachings of human equality started to have the effect in
breaking down caste barriers, this declined, at least within the Buddhist
community.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The 12<sup>th</sup> chapter
of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lalitavistata</i> has the Buddha’s
father say that his son can marry even a low caste girl if she is virtuous. He
then adds:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“He is not concerned with
caste or linage in a wife. He desires only virtue.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There is no mention of child
marriage in the Tipiṭaka, nor did the Buddha say anything on<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>this matter. However, all mentions in the
Tipiṭaka of the age of girls being married range from 16 to 20, most being
closer to the former <span style="color: black;">(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">patta so</i></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ḷ</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">asa vassa
kale</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pattavaya</i>, Ja.I,421). </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was generally thought good for the bride
and groom to be the same age (<i>tulyavaya</i>). The only thing the Buddha said
concerning marital age was that it was inappropriate for men to marry women
much younger than themselves (Sn.110). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Tipiṭaka preserves only
fragments of information about how the first Buddhists<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>conducted their wedding ceremonies. To
distinguish their weddings from those of Brahmanism it seems that the elders of
one or the other family conducted the marriage rather than having a Brahman
priest officiate. The essential feature of the ceremony was when the father of
the bride took her hand, put it in the groom’s hand and with a ceremonial vase
or pot<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bhink<span style="color: black;">ā</span>ra </i>or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ku</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ṇ</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">di</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">) in his right hand
poured water over their joined hands.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This event was called the Giving by Water (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">p<span style="color: black;">ā</span>n</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ī</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">prad<span style="color: black;">ā</span>na</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">) and marked the culmination of the marriage. The person
conducting the ceremony then imparted a benediction to the newly-wedded
couple.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A benediction from the J<span style="color: black;">ā</span>taka goes: “May your friendship with your beloved
wife never decay” (<i>Ajeyya</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ṃ</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> esa tava hotu mett</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ī</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> bhariyaya kaccana
piyaya saddhi</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ṃ</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">). Seven days after the marriage monks were invited for a
meal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Buddhist monks and nuns were
forbidden by their rules to act as go-betweens or matchmakers. However, they
were allowed to attend weddings. In fact, according to the Vinaya, if the
supporter of a particular monastic community invited a monk from that community
to attend his son’s or daughter’s wedding the monk was obliged to go (Vin.I,140).
It is not certain what role monks had in marriages, if indeed they had one.
Perhaps their presence was considered auspicious or that it added luster to the
proceedings. Perhaps they took the place of Brahmans in receiving gifts. It is
also possible that they gave a blessing to the newlyweds. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
Buddha on Marriage<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Having been both a
husband and a father, the Buddha was able to speak of marriage and parenthood
from personal experience. A husband, he said, should honour and respect his
wife, never disparage her, be faithful to her, give her authority and provide
for her financially. A wife should do her work properly, manage the servants,
be faithful to her husband, protect the family income and be skilled and diligent
(D.III,190). He said that a couple who are following the Dhamma will<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“speak loving words to each other” (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">a</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ññ</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ama</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ññ</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a piya</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ṃ</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">v<span style="color: black;">ādā</span></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, A.II,59) and that “to cherish one’s children and wife is
the greatest blessing”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">puttad<span style="color: black;">ā</span>rassa</i>
<i>sa</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ṅ</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">gaho</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">eta</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ṃ</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ma</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ṅ</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">galam</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">uttama</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ṃ</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Sn.262). He said
that “a good wife is the best companion” <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bhary<span style="color: black;">ā</span> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>va param<span style="color: black;">ā</span> sakh<span style="color: black;">ā</span></i>,
S.I,37), and the J<span style="color: black;">ā</span>taka comments that a husband
and wife should live “with joyful minds, of one heart and in harmony” (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pamodam<span style="color: black;">ānā </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ekacitt<span style="color: black;">ā</span>
samaggav<span style="color: black;">ā</span>sa</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ṃ</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Ja.II,122). The Buddha
criticized the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>Brahmans for buying
their wives rather than “coming together in harmony and out of mutual
affection” (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sampiyena pi sa</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ṃ</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">v<span style="color: black;">ā</span>sa</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ṃ</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> samaggatth<span style="color: black;">ā</span>ya sampavattenti</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, A.III,222), making it clear
that he thought this a far better motive for marriage. “In this world, union
without love is suffering” says the J<span style="color: black;">ā</span>taka (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lokismi</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ṃ</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> hi
appiyasampayogo va dukkha</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Ja.II,205). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">With some sympathy, the Buddha
described the discomfort of the newly-wedded bride.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“When a young wife is led to her husband’s
home, either by day or night, for a while she feels great timidity and shyness
in the presence of her mother-in-law, her father-in-law, her husband and even
towards the servants and slaves.” (A.II,78) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Monogamy<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Tipiṭaka occasionally
mentions men having more than one wife. Probably only monarchs and the very
rich were polygamous. Although the Buddha did not advocate any particular form
of marriage, it can be assumed that he favoured monogamy. His father Suddhodana
</span><span lang="EN-US"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">had two wives and as
a prince he could have had several wives also, but he apparently chose to have
only one. In a discourse on marriage, the Buddha assumes monogamy, again
implying that he accepted this as the preferred form of marriage. In the Sa<span style="color: black;">ṁ</span>yutta Nik<span style="color: black;">ā</span>ya he
said that if a woman lacks merit she might have to contend with a co-wife (<i>sapatt</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black;">ī</span></i><span style="color: black;">,</span><i> </i>S.IV,249), and the Tipiṭaka occasionally
discusses the disadvantages of polygamy for women. “Being a co-wife is painful”
(Thi. 216), “A woman’s worst misery is to quarrel with her co-wives”
(Ja.IV,316). Such problems are confirmed by other ancient Indian literature
which describes the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tensions and maneuverings
between several wives in the same household. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Togetherness through Many Lives<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">According to the
Buddha’s understanding, if a husband and wife love each other deeply and have
similar kamma, they may be able to renew their relationship in the next life
(A.II,61-2). He also said that the strong affinity two people feel towards each
other might be explained by them having had a strong love in a previous life. <span style="color: black;">“</span>By living together in the past and by affection in
the present, love is born as surely as a lotus is born in water”<span style="color: black;"> </span>(Ja.II,235). This idea is elaborated in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mah<span style="color: black;">ā</span>vastu</i>:
<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“</span>When
love enters the mind and the heart is joyful, the intelligent man can say
certainty, <span style="color: black;">‘</span>This woman has lived with me
before’.” (Mvu.III,185).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Ideal Couple<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The ideal Buddhist
couple would be Nakulapitā and Nakulamātā who were devoted disciples of the
Buddha and who had been happily married for many years. Once Nakulapitā told
the Buddha in the presence of his wife:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>“Lord, ever since Nakulamātā was brought to my home when I was a mere
boy and she a mere girl, I have never been unfaithful to her, not even in
thought, let alone in body” (A.II,61). On another occasion, Nakulamātā
devotedly nursed her husband through a long illness, encouraging and reassuring
him all the while. When the Buddha came to know of this, he said to Nakulapit</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ā</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: “You have benefitted, good sir, you have
greatly benefitted, in having Nakulamātā full of compassion for you, full of
love, as your mentor and teacher” (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">anukampikā</i>,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">atthakāmā</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ovādikā</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">anusasikā</i>,
A.III,295-8). From the Buddhist perspective, these qualities would be the
recipe for an enduring and enriching relationship; faithfulness, mutual love
and compassion and being each other’s spiritual mentor and teacher.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Faithfulness<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Buddha pinpointed
faithfulness as one of the most important ingredients for a successful </span><span lang="EN-US"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>marriage. A husband should not, he said, be
unfaithful to his wife or a wife to her husband.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A character in the </span><span lang="EN-US"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>J<span style="color: black;">ā</span>taka
says:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“We do not transgress with
another’s wife and our wife does not transgress against us. We relate to
others’ partners as if we were celibate” (<i>Maya</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ñ</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ca bhariya</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ṃ</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> n</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ā</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tikkam</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ā</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ma amhe ca bhariy</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ā</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> n</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ā</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tikkamanti a</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ññ</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">atra t</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ā</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">hi brahma cariya</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ṃ</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> car</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ā</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ma pe</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">,<i> </i>Ja.IV,53</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">). A good wife was praised in the Tipi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ṭ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">aka as “true to one husband” (<i>ekabhattakin</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ī</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">) and a good husband
could be similarly defined. The archetypical, devoted and loyal spouse in the
Buddhist tradition is Sambula, the wife of King Sotthisena. When he was struck
by a disfiguring disease and had to renounce the throne and go into the forest,
she ignored all his requests to stay behind and happily accompanied him in his
exile. With </span><span lang="EN-US"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">patience and </span><span lang="EN-US"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">love she nursed him
through and eventually cured him of his disease. When he doubted her
faithfulness and shunned her, she would still not abandon him. Eventually, he
recognized her faithfulness, apologized for not trusting her, and the two were
reconciled (Ja.V,88 ff).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Conjugal faithfulness and love
is an important theme of many other J<span style="color: black;">ā</span>takas
too. In one such story, a wife’s devotion to her husband saves him from the
machinations of an evil king, and in another, the Bodhisattva instructs a
husband to treat his dedicated and long-suffering wife with the respect she
deserves. In a particularly moving story, all the friends of a husband desert
him when he is confronted by a terrible monster, and even his wife’s courage
momentarily to falter. His pleas for help dispel her hesitation and she rushes
to his side saying: ‘Noble husband of sixty years, I shall not desert you. Even
the four corners of the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Earth know that
you are most dear to me’ (Ja.II,341-4). Another story tells of a wife whose
willingness to die for her husband saves both of them from certain death
(Ja.III,184-7).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Same-sex Marriage<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A same-sex </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.buddhisma2z.com/content.php?id=248"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">marriage</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> is a legally
recognized union between two people of the same gender, i.e. two </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.buddhisma2z.com/content.php?id=176"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">homosexuals</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Same-sex marriages
have only of late become legal in several European countries and in a few
states in the United States. However, such unions may have existed in some
parts of the ancient world, including in India. The <i>K</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ā</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US">ma S</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ū</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US">tra</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (4<sup>th</sup> century
CE) mentions marriages between men, although it is not clear if these were
performed by Hindu priests or were recognized by the state, probably not. In <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yasodhara’s <i>Jayama</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ṅ</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US">gala </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(13<sup>th</sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>century?), a commentary on the <i>K</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ā</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US">ma S</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ū</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US">tra </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">composed in
about the 13<sup>th</sup> century,</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">it says: “Freemen of
this inclination (i.e. homosexuals) who reject women and can willingly do
without them because they love each other, get married, bound by a deep
trusting friendship.” Any close, long-term relationship, heterosexual or
homosexual, will endure and be fulfilling if the couple involved are faithful
to each other (D.III,190), speak loving words to each other (A.II,59), have </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.buddhisma2z.com/content.php?id=79"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">compassion</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> and </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.buddhisma2z.com/content.php?id=233"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">love</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> towards each other,
and look upon each other as their mentor and teacher (A.III,295-8).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What would be the Buddhist
attitude to such marriages? Buddhism sees marriage as a secular institution, an
arrangement between two people, and thus Buddhist monks or nuns do not perform
marriages, although they are often called upon to bless the couple either just
before or just after the marriage. Monks also often give short sermons and
chant a few </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.buddhisma2z.com/content.php?id=402"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">suttas</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> during the opening of new
businesses, at birthdays, funerals and at the bedside of the sick or the dying.
If two men or two women were genuinely committed to each other and wanted a
monk to bless their union and wish them well in their life together, it is not
difficult to imagine that he would be happy to do this for them.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;"></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Divorce<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There does not seem to be a word
in the Tipi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ṭ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">aka for divorce,
other than perhaps <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">vikiraõa </i>meaning <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>‘to break’ <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>or <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>‘to
separate’, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>which is sometimes used in
reference to marriage (e.g. D.I,11). According to the Vinaya, <span style="color: black;">“</span>being told ‘Enough!’.”<span style="color: black;"> (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ala</i></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ṃ</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">vacan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ī</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">y</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ā</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">) by one’s<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>husband was the usual way of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dissolving<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>a<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>marriage during the Buddha</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">'<span style="color: black;">s time (Vin.III,144).</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When someone was dissatisfied
with their spouse, one or the other would either depart or be expelled from the
household. It was usually the wife who did this or to whom this was done. When
Ugga decided that he was going to become celibate he informed his four wives
that they could continue to live in the house, return to their parents or take
another husband. The eldest wife apparently already has her eye on another man
and asked to be given to him, which Ugga happily did (A.IV,210). Isid</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">āsī</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and her husband lived in his parent’s house. He was unhappy
with her so he left the house and resided somewhere else. Isid</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">āsī</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> returned to her parent's house and they subsequently
married her off to another man (Thi.413-20). The Buddha said nothing about
divorce. When Sang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ā</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maji decided to
become a monk he simply abandoned his house and his pregnant wife. After his
wife gave birth she took the baby to Sang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ā</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maji
but he refused to acknowledge either her or the child (Ud.5-6). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Buddha said nothing about
divorce. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adultery<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Adultery (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">aticariy<span style="color: black;">ā</span></i>) is having sexual relations with another
person while married or with a person married to another. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Until recently it was the major reason for
divorce. In the Tipi<span style="color: black;">ṭ</span>aka, a male adulterer is
called a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">parad<span style="color: black;">ā</span>rika
</i>and a female equivalent is called <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">atic<span style="color: black;">ā</span>rin<span style="color: black;">ī</span> </i>(S.II,259).
An adulteress might also be dubbed “an owl-like one” (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kosiy<span style="color: black;">ā</span>yayan<span style="color: black;">ī</span></i>)
because she was thought to sneak around at night (Ja.I,496). Adultery is
probably the most common breach of the third Precept. Most marriage ceremonies
include a solemn promise by both parties that they will be faithful to each
other. Committing adultery breaks this promise and usually involves other
negative behaviours such as lying, deceit and pretence. The negative results of
adultery on others can include destruction of trust, humiliation, heartbreak
and a weakening of family cohesion. For these reasons, the Buddha said: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Being dissatisfied with his wife, if one is
seen with prostitutes or the wives of others, this is a cause of one’s decline”
(Sn.108).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Buddhist
Weddings and Marriages through History<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It seems that
throughout history most ordinary Buddhists have usually been monogamous,
although kings were sometimes polygamous and fraternal polyandry was common in
Tibet<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>until just recently. In the
highlands of Sri Lanka during the medieval period polyandry was practiced, and
it still is in parts of Ladakh and Spiti. Today, monogamy is the only legally
accepted form of marriage in all Buddhist countries. There is no specific
Buddhist wedding ceremony; different countries have their own customs which
monks usually do not perform or participate in. However, just before or after
the wedding the bride and groom often go to a monastery to receive a blessing
from a monk. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt;">Abbreviations</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">All references are to the
volume number (Roman numerals) and page number (Arabic numerals) or where
relevant to verse numbers of the Pali Text Society’s editions of the Pali
Buddhist scriptures.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 11.0pt;">A<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">ṅ</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 11.0pt;">guttara Nik</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">ā</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 11.0pt;">ya</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 11.0pt;">D<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">D</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">ī</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 11.0pt;">gha Nik</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">ā</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 11.0pt;">ya</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 11.0pt;">Dhp<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dhammapada</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
Ja<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">J</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">ā</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 11.0pt;">taka</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 11.0pt;">M<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Majjhima Nik</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">ā</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 11.0pt;">ya</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 11.0pt;">S<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sa</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">ṃ</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 11.0pt;">yutta Nik</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">ā</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 11.0pt;">ya</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 11.0pt;">Sn<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sutta Nip</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">ā</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 11.0pt;">ta</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
Thi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Therig</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">ā</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 11.0pt;">th</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">ā</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ud<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ud</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ā</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">na <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
Vin<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Vinya Pi</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ṭ</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">aka</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
Shravasti Dhammikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06246408068143301108noreply@blogger.com22tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1012277645322483593.post-38206498064819486682016-06-09T23:32:00.001-07:002016-06-10T01:15:49.755-07:00Hot Monks!<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
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<span style="color: black;">In
the Tipitaka some monks, the Buddha included, are described as being hot, really
hot, although not in the way being hot is sometimes understood today. The Vinaya
relates that a monk named Dabba was able to illuminate one of his fingers so
that the light from it was enough to enable him to walk around at night, as one
would with a torch (Vin.II,76). It is not specifically stated that flames came
out of his finger but other descriptions of this ability suggest that this is
the case. When this same monk decided that his demise was approaching, he rose
into the air in a cross-legged posture and burst into flames “and his body was completely
consumed and burned up so that not even a speck of ash or soot could be found”
(Ud.92-3). Although not mentioned in the Pali Tipitaka or its commentaries,
other later Savaka texts say that Venerable Ananda met his end in exactly the
same way. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">Even the Buddha is attributed in being able to do something like this. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When he entered the fire shrine of the Kassapa
brothers and was confronted by a fiery <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nāga</i>
he is said to have “countered its fire with fire” (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tejasā tejaṃ</i>) by shooting flames from his body and subduing the
creature (Vin.I,25). On another occasion while on a visit to the Brahma world
the Buddha rose into the air in a cross-legged posture and burst into flames,
although his body remained unburned (S.I,144). </span></div>
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<![endif]--><span style="color: black;">What
are we to make of this fiery ability, called <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tejodhātuṃ samāpajjitvā </i>in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sutta</i>s?
Following the commentaries Bhikkhu Bodhi translates this term as “having
entered into the meditation on the fire element” although the term itself makes
no reference to meditation and none of the references to it in the texts
suggest that the ability is a meditation or is developed through meditation. In
fact, they all suggest that it can be ‘turned on’ immediately, without any preliminaries.
Interesting also is that despite how spectacular this ability would appear to
an observer, it is not included in the standard list of eight psychic powers
developed through meditation (e.g. D.I,77-8). It seems that the belief that
grave ascetics during the Buddha’s time were already being attributed with fiery
powers and Hindu texts are full of stories of accomplished rishis and ascetics
who were able to incinerate people who crossed them. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0emP8uDSGCT077QQq5Q3Xp6xQWRNCqu4gFI1ZGWkHTI2rsR37sOt4Oe7vBxTQgr3p3o7BnDPwlw95kSTXjoPmH3a972vZYEVOxyR_M-R51xSfAion_8E0GWfPcMPvA-0BEX-rNtwhDac/s1600/shc.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0emP8uDSGCT077QQq5Q3Xp6xQWRNCqu4gFI1ZGWkHTI2rsR37sOt4Oe7vBxTQgr3p3o7BnDPwlw95kSTXjoPmH3a972vZYEVOxyR_M-R51xSfAion_8E0GWfPcMPvA-0BEX-rNtwhDac/s400/shc.jpg" width="305" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;">Before dismissing this curious ability as just a belief <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of the time which was included in the Tipitaka
but which has no basis in reality, I would like to posit a few ideas. Several
of the psychic powers (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">iddhi</i>)
mentioned in the Tipitaka might be within the realm of possibility, except for
New Agers for who all of them are. I am thinking of being able to read the
minds of others and hear or sense things over a long distance. Most of us have had
the experience of suddenly thinking of someone we haven’t thought of for a long
while and shortly after have the phone <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ring and find it is them, or<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>receive a letter from them. I have never been
able to do this at will but it has happened to me spontaneously, and quite a
few times. Could it be that all of us have these powers but that they are usually
smothered by the clutter of the ordinary mind <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and that disciplined meditation allows them to
occur more frequently? And is it possible that with an enlightened mind one can do such things at will, or at least some people can?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;">Anyone with a ghoulish sense of curiosity will know at least something
about spontaneous human combustion (SHC), a strange and creepy phenomena where <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>individuals suddenly bursts into flames. Forensic
scientists and psychic researchers<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>have tried to give rational explanations for
this phenomena although few of them are very convincing (see Wikipedia article Spontaneous
Human Combustion). Could something like this become available to highly developed
individuals so that they can <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>manifest it
at will?</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">Or is it as I
said above just one of several fanciful ideas that have made their way into the
Tipitaka? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
Shravasti Dhammikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06246408068143301108noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1012277645322483593.post-83171959007785272112016-06-04T15:42:00.000-07:002016-06-04T15:42:00.667-07:00Western Buddhism’s Hidden History II<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Charles Pfoundes</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> was born 1840 in Waterford in Ireland in 1840 to Protestant
parents who had been bankrupted during the great famine of 1845-50. Immigrating
alone to Australia in 1854 he joined the colonial navy and later captained a
Siamese ship and ever after usually prefixed his name with Captain. He came
into contact with Buddhism first in Thailand and seems to have been fascinated
by it. His travels led him to Japan in 1863 where, having quickly learned<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the
language he worked as a shipping agent, as a policeman in Nagasaki, a mediator
between the Japanese government and foreign diplomats and later as a newspaper
columnist. He returned to Europe in 1878 via the US, married, worked at various
jobs. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On his return to Japan 10 years
later without his wife he ordained as a priest in Kobe. Throughout the 1870 the
Meiji<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>government pressured monks to marry in the
belief that it would weaken Buddhism and aid the modernization the country, and
many monks gave into this pressure. Thus most Japanese monks became and remain
today technically priests rather than monks. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pfoundes</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> died in Kobe in 1907 at the age of 67. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In the early 1880s a group of internationally minded
Buddhists in Kyoto founded an organization called the Japanese Buddhist
Propagation Society (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kaihai Senkyokai</i>).
They believed that their religion could have a universal appeal if efforts were
made to disseminate more widely. Perhaps they also hoped that if the Japanese
government, not well disposed to Buddhism at the time, saw Westerners taking an
interest in the Dhamma it might change their<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>attitude towards it. Pfoundes was
asked to organize and lead the mission to London and between 1889 and 1892 he
did with a good deal of success. The JBPS had picked an opportune time to start
its mission. Gilbert & Sullivan’s Japanese-themed and hugely successful
opera The Mikado had just finished as had the Japanese Village exhibition in
Knightsbridge, and all things Japanese were becoming very fashionable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In London and elsewhere in the UK </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pfoundes’ lectures</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> were well attended as he was apparently a convincing and interesting
speaker. A photograph of him from this time shows him in the full regalia of a
Japanese prelate, accoutrements that must have increased his authority and made
him appear even more interesting. Newspaper reports of the time show that </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pfoundes’</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> two main subjects were Buddhist doctrine and criticisms of
Theosophy, which he dismissed as nonsense masquerading as Buddhism.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In 1883 the Theosophist<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A. P. Sinnet had published his book <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Esoteric Buddhism</i> which became and
remains even today a seminal text of Theosophy. Sinnett claimed that his book
was the gist of “psychic communication” he had had with Mahatma Koot Hoomi, one
of the supposed “Great White Masters” in the Himalayas. It should be kept in
mind that the general public at the time knew little of genuine Buddhism and
Madam Blavatsky and Sinnett’s “esoteric Buddhism”, actually a mish-mash of late
Victorian spiritualism and occultism with a smattering of Buddhism and Hinduism,
was attracting <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>interest. In his lectures,
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pfoundes</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> made it clear that Buddhism and Theosophy had little in
common. Numerous notices from newspaper sand journals of the time show that he was
determined to clarify Buddhism and distinguish it from Theosophy. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stratford, Enterprise Hall, Great Eastern Road. Sun. December
6<sup>th</sup>, at 7, Captain Pfoundes, ‘Theosophy: Its frauds and follies.’ <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Progressive Association, Penton Hall, 81 Pentonville Rd, Sun
December 13<sup>th</sup> at 7, Captain Pfoundes, ‘Theosophy: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Is it true? – An exposé of a dangerous fallacy.’
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Progressive Association, Penton Hall, 81 Pentonville Rd,–January
31<sup>st</sup>, at 7, Captain Pfoundes, ‘Buddhism not Theosophy: the two critically
contrasted’, preceded by vocal and instrumental music.’ </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">However, on several occasions Pfoundes went beyond
criticizing Theosophy to pointing out the dubious background and behaviour of
some of its leaders; calling Madam Blavatsky a charlatan, Sinnett either
delusional or a liar, and Charles Webster Leadbeater a pederast. He<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was sued
for libel and had to settled out of court for 550 Pounds.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Having said this, it is right to point out that while the
early Theosophists had a confused understanding of the Buddha’s Dhamma, that the
“Great White Masters” in the Himalayas were non-existent, and that Blavatsky
and Leadbeater were shadowy characters, they had a <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>significant role to play in the revival of
Buddhism in Ceylon and elsewhere. They also stimulated and energised the
independence movements in various Asian countries. However, their “esoteric”
Buddhism owed almost everything to Blavatsky and Sinnett’s fanciful claims and almost
nothing to the Buddha. Even Colonel Olcott, as he learned more about genuine
Dhamma during his stay in Ceylon, quietly distanced himself from Madam Blavatsky
and her followers. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">So it is that the first Buddhist mission to the West after
King Asoka’s of about 256 BCE<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was
conceived by Japanese and led by a Westerner, Captain Charles Pfoundes. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
Shravasti Dhammikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06246408068143301108noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1012277645322483593.post-68989463684775132422016-05-30T17:55:00.001-07:002016-05-30T17:56:51.621-07:00Western Buddhism's Hidden History I <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<![endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The establishment of a previously alien
religion in a new environment is bound to be one of fits and starts, successes
and dead ends, and so it has been with Buddhism in the West. Until fairly
recently the beginnings of Western Buddhism<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>was thought to be fairly clear and well-known, but recent research <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>has<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>shed
new and unexpected light on this phenomena. </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">It
seems certain now that the first Westerner to ordain as a monk, remain so for an
extended period,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and have at least some
influence, was Bhikkhu Dhammaloka. His </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">early life and given name
are uncertain. He reportedly gave at least three names for himself at different
times; Laurence Carroll, Laurence O'Rourke and William Colvin. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was born in Dublin in the 1850s, emigrated
to the United States, and worked his way across the US as a migrant <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>labourer <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>before finding work on a trans-Pacific liner.
Leaving the ship in Japan, he made his way to Rangoon arriving <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in the late 1870s or early 1880s, around the
time of the British annexation of Upper Burma. He became a monk sometime before
1899 and started giving public talks a year later. As with some other early
Western monks in Asia Dhammaloka urged people to remain true to the faith of
their fathers and not be seduced by the enticements of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the missionaries. He told the Burmese that
their religion was as ethical, coherent and valid as that of the missionaries, if
not more so. Being Irish, Dhammaloka was also decidedly anti-British and he
attacked the colonial government at every opportunity, making him something of
a hero to the Burmese and an irritation to the British. Touring the country
huge crowds assembled to listen to the white monk who lauded rather than
disparages the Burmese and their religion. In 1907 Dhammaloka founded The
Buddhist Tract Society which during its existence published numerous books and
booklets on the Dhamma. His anti-British comments eventually led to Dhammaloka and
some of his supporters being charged with sedition, found guilty and fined
Rupees 1000 each. Dhammaloka left Burma shortly after and disappeared from
history. He is thought to have died in 1914. </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOgM_QI417Z5T_M5wpEpoZ-3UlBGMmyUn-1YiTW94f_BscsmxE_pRXiP_3Q5p4JLAUPc2-CuV7uUa2QdINY8jMgX4uVCD5t0F_Xa_SOvh2A0CKxHKFwZn9NFfpfaAaOlLqMWG1DrEfMuk/s1600/bw+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOgM_QI417Z5T_M5wpEpoZ-3UlBGMmyUn-1YiTW94f_BscsmxE_pRXiP_3Q5p4JLAUPc2-CuV7uUa2QdINY8jMgX4uVCD5t0F_Xa_SOvh2A0CKxHKFwZn9NFfpfaAaOlLqMWG1DrEfMuk/s400/bw+1.jpg" width="265" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">More well-known successors
to Dhammaloka were H. Gordon Douglas (Bhikkhu Asoka) formerly head of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mahinda College in Ceylon who ordained
in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>February 1899<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and died of cholera in Burma in April
1900;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the Scotsman<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Allan Bennett (Bhikkhu Ananda Metteyya) ordained
in Burma in May 1902 and founder<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the International Buddhist Association
and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Buddhist Society of Great Britain
and Ireland. He died in 1923; Anton Gueth (Ven. Nyanatiloka) of German who was ordained
in Burma in 1904 by Ananda Metteyya and lived much of the rest of his life in
Ceylon; and J. F. McKechnie (Bhikkhu <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Silacara) who ordained as a novice in July
1907 in Rangoon. After disrobing in 1925 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>McKechnie <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>continued as editor of <i>The British Buddhist</i>
for many years. However, recent research has uncovered a surprising number of other
Westerners who were drawn to the Buddhist monkhood <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>before these pioneers. In the 1870s a
destitute Russian became a monk in Bangkok and in 1878 an Austrian man is reported
to have ordained in Bangkok. Nothing more is known about these two individuals.
In June 1892 a Mr. MacMillan arrived in Ceylon from Scotland and ordained under
the name </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Sumangala.
Records from Japan show that a <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dr.
Norman, </span>“a well-known Englishman” became a monk there in 1900. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">A Jewish man named Arnold Abraham</span> or <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Abrams who had lived in the </span>Straits
Settlements in Malaya ordained in Rangoon in June 1904 and took the name <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dhammawanga. M. T. de la Courneuve was ordained
as a novice by Dhammaloka under the name Dhammaratana in Singapore October 2<sup>nd</sup>
1904. He was an ex-Inspector of Police, Pahang, Straits Settlements in
Malaya and his father had been a Deputy Commissioner in the Burmese Civil
Service. An individual named C. Roberts, a<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Welshman who is said to have spoken<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>spoke with an American accent,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ordained
as a novice probably in Rangoon in 1904. He disrobed in October 1904 after
receiving a remittance from parents. He may have put on the robe simply because
he was without money. An American sailor whose name has not been recorded<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">o</span>rdained
in Burma and in 1905 was residing <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in the
Tavoy Monastery in Rangoon. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Others who
have come to light include Frans Bergendahl (Sunno), <b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></span>a 20-year-old son of a wealthy
Amsterdam merchant and <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a German <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mr. Stange (Sumano)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>who were both ordained by Nyanatiloka in 1906.
Sumano died in 1910 and Sunno<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>died in
1915. An Irishman whose lay name is unknown took the name Bhikkhu <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Visuddha<b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></b></span>and was <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>involved in
mass conversions of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untouchable
mine-workers in Marikuppam in India in 1907-8. Nothing else is known of
him.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">A Mr. Solomon <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>became a </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>novice
in Burma <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in 1907 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>but was disrobed shortly after for breaking
rule about drinking alcohol. The German Walter Markgraf became a novice under <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nyanatiloka in 1907 and disrobed half a year
later. E. H. Stevenson born in the UK in 1863 ordained under the name
Sasanadhaja in Burma in September 1908 and is mentioned as giving lectures
lectures in Australia on a tour as a missionary for Buddhism in 1910. </span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">As with most of these others we have only the barest
information about these pioneers, mainly from incidental sources. Because of
lack of information it is difficult to know why these men took, what was then
such an unusual step and why they eventually disrobed. No doubt some were at a
loose end or were eccentrics, others may have developed a fascination for Asian
culture and wanted to experience it form the inside.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cardinally all of them would have found the climate
and food in the tropics challenging, and Asian Buddhist norms so different from
their own, and this probably explains why so few of them lasted long in the
robes. One who did survive and indeed flourish was </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Captain
Charles Pfoundes.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Up until recently
it has been widely accepted that the British monk Ananda Metteyya’s (Allan
Bennett’s) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>founded and organized the
first <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Buddhist mission to the West in
London in 1908. Recent collaborative research by historians in Japan and
Ireland however has shown that this assumption needs to be revised. In fact it
was not Theravadian but rather Mahayana Buddhists who were the first to try to
teach Buddhism in the West. In 1889 the Japanese-sponsored <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Buddhist Propagation Society <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(BPS) of Japan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>launched a mission<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to London <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>led for three years by the Irish-born Buddhist
Captain Charles Pfoundes.</span></div>
Shravasti Dhammikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06246408068143301108noreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1012277645322483593.post-35941306462094234822016-05-23T17:01:00.001-07:002016-05-23T17:01:34.781-07:00Christianity Burgeoning in China <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_VA-2KxJGJtlPa1HB4OzYr9FMGZFOS3qMepA9YBixL6yYRiC4AESsLQdnw6ZiTyNIUhyCQPUMHuYC9adXPgkRBWfub3sEbXJmNM6mOGMVudNaN0aHZUkILPI3Z0nv2Y6CfcWugbqvwh8/s1600/cic.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="277" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_VA-2KxJGJtlPa1HB4OzYr9FMGZFOS3qMepA9YBixL6yYRiC4AESsLQdnw6ZiTyNIUhyCQPUMHuYC9adXPgkRBWfub3sEbXJmNM6mOGMVudNaN0aHZUkILPI3Z0nv2Y6CfcWugbqvwh8/s400/cic.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Although the Chinese Communist
Party is officially atheist, the country's constitution allows "freedom of
religious belief," and the practice of formal religion has expanded in
China, in fits and starts, for decades. The number of Chinese professing
Christianity, in particular — estimated at more than 70 million — is rising so
dramatically that, by some projections, China will have the world's biggest
Christian population by 2030. The profusion of churches seems to have unnerved
some Chinese authorities, who have undertaken a campaign to tear down hundreds
of crosses, and in some instances entire churches, in Zhejiang, a coastal province
where a prosperous Christian community and large numbers of churches have taken
root. The government's move against churches, after years of widening religious
tolerance, reflects its continued resistance to the rule of law and, with it,
the potential for any challenge to the Communist Party's monolithic grip on
political power. The government's insecurity revealed itself in late August
when a highly respected rights lawyer, Zhang Kai, who had taken up the cases of
dozens of churches in Zhejiang protesting the demolition of their crosses, was
detained by police. The fact that he is being held in secretive detention, with
no access to his lawyers, colleagues or family, and on trumped-up charges —
endangering state security and "assembling a crowd to disrupt social
order" — only underscores the authorities' fretfulness. What's more, Mr.
Zhang was seized by police just a day before he was to meet with U.S.
Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious Freedom David N. Saperstein,
who was in China partly to discuss the travails of Christian churches. The
detention came less than a month before Chinese President Xi Jinping is to meet
President Obama at a U.S.-China summit, so it also represents a slap at the
United States. Mr. Obama should not let it go unmentioned when Mr. Xi visits
Washington. The detention of Mr. Zhang augments a crackdown in which hundreds
of Chinese human rights lawyers have been arrested and interrogated by police
since July for having championed sensitive causes that make the government
nervous. The sweep has targeted lawyers who have represented environmental
activists; parents of children who became ill from consuming tainted powdered
milk; a Beijing research assistant for a prominent German newspaper; women's
rights activists protesting sexual harassment; and pro-democracy campaigners,
among many others. In all, according to Amnesty International, more than 230
lawyers were detained, at least briefly, and at least two dozen were still
being held weeks later. A confident government in Beijing could surely
countenance growing civic activism whose common thread is the service of human
dignity; and indeed, China's authoritarian system, despite its intolerance of
dissent, had allowed a proliferation of issue advocacy, at least on a
case-by-case basis, that stopped well short of threatening the regime itself. Now,
by attempting to muzzle and intimidate lawyers and activists like Mr. Zhang,
and tear down church crosses by the hundreds, the government is only drawing
attention to its tenuous legitimacy and the limits of China's rule of law.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">From The Washington Post. </span></div>
Shravasti Dhammikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06246408068143301108noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1012277645322483593.post-80804306543288279532016-05-19T23:00:00.002-07:002016-05-19T23:00:16.720-07:00Vesakha Again<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">All attempts
to include some photos of Nepal’s Bunga Dyah Jatra car festival in my post of earlier
today failed, so here they are now. There seems little doubt that this type of
festival goes back to the Vesakha festival that the Chinese monk Faxian
witnessed in India in the 5<sup>th</sup> century. See the earlier post.</span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Shravasti Dhammikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06246408068143301108noreply@blogger.com1